The usefulness of sclerotia morphology traits and mycelial growth rate to infer phenotypic variability in populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum associated with common beans in Minas Gerais State (MG) was assessed in two experiments. Isolates (131) were collected in the Northwestern, Alto Paranaíba, Zona da Mata and Southern regions of MG and the mycelial growth rate, the number, weight and dimensions (length, width and thickness) of sclerotia and mycelial pigmentation were assessed. There was a high variability among isolates, even among colonies of the same isolate. The variance of the first experiment for the mycelial growth rate, number, weight, length, width and thickness of sclerotia, were 0.01, 190.15, 0.01, 0.62, 0.12 and 0.05, whereas in the second, the variances were 0.01, 28.48, 0.002, 0.18, 0.06 and 0.03, respectively. Most correlations between traits were of low magnitude except that between length and width (r = 0.84, 'P < 0.001). Regarding colony pigmentation, non-pigmented, pigmented and highly pigmented isolates were identified, but for most isolates this characteristic varied between experiments. No groups based on phenotypic traits were detected. The morphological traits evaluated in the present study are not suitable for characterization of populations of S. sclerotiorum.

Monosporascus root rot and vine decline caused by Monosporascus cannonballus is one of the most important melon yield-limiting diseases in northeastern Brazil. This study investigated the fitness components of 57 isolates of M. cannonballus obtained from Brazilian melon fields by evaluating: i) their mycelial growth rate (MGR), and perithecia and ascospore production (PP and AP) on potato dextrose agar (PDA); ii) their sensitivity to the fungicide fluazinam; and iii) their virulence to melon seedlings. All M. cannonballus isolates showed variability in their MGR, PP and AP values. They were sensitive to the fungicide fluazinam, showing some degree of mycelial growth inhibition (MGI), and were pathogenic to melon seedlings, with a mean disease severity index (DSI) of 62.1%. By univariate analysis, the formation of groups of similarity amongst the isolates of M. cannonballus within each variable was not limited by the area of origin of each isolate, given that in most situations, different isolates of the same area were distributed into distinct groups of similarity. A multivariate cluster analysis allowed the separation of the 57 M. cannonballus isolates in 18 groups of similarity. The fitness variability among M. cannonballus isolates found in this study should be considered when possible sources of resistance are evaluated in melon breeding programs.

Black Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis is a foliar disease that affects banana plants and large amounts of fungicides are required to prevent crop losses. Intensive applications of single-site fungicides can select for fungicide-resistant isolates. The objective of this study was to assess the sensitivity of 60 isolates of M. fijiensis to commonly used fungicides. Using two different protocols, microtiter and Petri plate tests, the effective concentration at which mycelium growth is reduced by 50% (EC50) was determined for thiophanatemethyl, tebuconazole, chlorothalonil and mancozeb. Additionally, partial sequences of the cytochrome b gene were obtained for 46 isolates to detect the G143A mutation, commonly associated with strobilurin resistance. The EC50 values for tebuconazole and thiophanate-methyl ranged from 0.02 to 1.39 and from 0.008 to 8.22 µg mL-1, respectively. For chlorothalonil, the lowest and highest EC50 values were 0.39 µg mL-1 and 53.7 µg mL-1, respectively. For mancozeb, approximately 50% of the isolates had EC50 values greater than 1000 µg mL-1. No mutation was found in the isolates assayed for strobilurin resistance. There was no correlation between sensitivity levels to any fungicide and geographic region. Low EC50 values were estimated for most fungicides but, some isolates had high EC50 values for mancozeb.

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is host to several fungal species, including Irenopsis heveae as described by Hansford in 1961, which causes black mildew on leaves. One specimen of Irenopsis heveae from the state of Espírito Santo and two from the state of Pará were analyzed and showed some morphological differences. Some structures are similar to morphological characteristics as described and illustrated by Vincens in 1915 for Meliola heveae. Morphological comparisons with the type specimen of I. heveae and the alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the 28S rDNA region, however, indicate that the three samples belong to the same species. According to these data M. heveae and I. heveae are heterotypic synonyms with M. heveae being the older name. As the name I. heveae is already occupied by Hansford, Irenopsis vincensii is proposed as new name for the black mildew on H. brasiliensis. This is the first contribution of molecular sequence data for this species.

Pseudomonas putida P286 and Bacillus thuringiensis B157 controlled coffee rust under greenhouse and field conditions. Now we studied the mechanism(s) of antagonism of both bacteria to Hemileia vastatrix. Bacterial effects on urediniospore germination and disease severity were evaluated in experiments with six treatments: (i) growth broth, (ii) supernatant centrifugation, (iii) bacterial cell centrifugation and re-suspension, (iv) UV inactivation of the bacteria, (v) 523 medium, and (vi) saline solution. The treatments i to iii reduced both spore germination and disease severity. Each isolate was applied at different concentrations and time periods before inoculation of H. vastatrix. The efficiency in controlling rust was reduced at the lowest concentrations and at the largest intervals between applications. In spatial separation experiments, both bacteria did not induce systemic protection, whereas protected locally the coffee plants against H. vastatrix. Therefore, the mechanism of both isolates against H. vastatrix is attributed to the production of antifungal compound (s).

Foram caracterizados 123 isolados de Phytophthora infestans obtidos de 21 lavouras de tomateiro e oito de batateira, em municípios do Estado de Goiás e Cidades Satélites de Brasília, no período de abril de 2001 a setembro de 2003. Os isolados foram caracterizados para os marcadores grupo de compatibilidade (123 isolados); isoenzima glucose 6-fosfato-isomerase (Gpi) (34 isolados) e resistência aos fungicidas mefenoxam (77 isolados) e metalaxyl (32 isolados de batateira), usando o método de disco de folhas. Todos os 78 isolados de tomateiro foram classificados no grupo de compatibilidade A1, enquanto os 45 de batateira foram do grupo A2. Os fenótipos para Gpi dos isolados de tomateiro (19) e de batateira (15) foram 86/100, típico da linhagem clonal US-1, e 100/100, típico da linhagen clonal BR-1, respectivamente. Quanto à resistência a mefenoxam, constataram-se isolados de tomateiro resistentes (36%), intermediários (48%) e sensíveis (16%). A maioria dos isolados de batateira foi classificada como sensível (82%) e apenas 9% de intermediários e resistentes. Dos isolados de batateira avaliados para resistência ao metalaxyl, 25% foram resistentes, 62% intermediários e 13% sensíveis. A população de P. infestans no Distrito Federal e no Estado de Goiás é constituída de duas linhagens clonais, com especificidade por hospedeiro.

From April 2001 to September 2003, 123 isolates of Phytophthora infestans were collected in 21 tomato and eight potato fields of Distrito Federal (DF) and Goiás State (GO), Brazil. Isolates were characterized for mating type (123 isolates), glucose 6-phosphate-isomerase alloenzyme (Gpi) (34 isolates), and for resistance to mefenoxam (77 isolates) and metalaxyl (32 potato isolates), using the leaf disc method. All the tomato isolates (78) were of the A1 mating type and all the potato isolates (45) were of the A2 mating type. Nineteen tomato and 15 potato isolates were tested for Gpi and were classified as 86/100 phenotype, typical of the US-1 clonal lineage, and 100/100 phenotype, typical of the BR-1 clonal lineage, respectively. Tomato isolates were 36% resistant to mefenoxam, 48% intermediate, and 16% sensitive. The majority of the potato isolates (82%) were sensitive, 9% were intermediate, and 9% were resistant. Potato isolates tested for metalaxyl resistance were 25% resistant, 62% intermediate, and 13% sensitive. The population of P. infestans in the DF and GO is clonal, with two host-specific clonal lineages.

Visando explorar a mutagênese insercional em Magnaporthe grisea, foram avaliadas a transformação dos protoplastos obtidos após adequação do protocolo e a eficiência da integração de pAN7-1 no genoma do ascomiceto na presença da enzima de restrição Hind III. Os protoplastos de M. grisea I-22 foram prontamente transformados para a resistência à higromicina. Quando o vetor linearizado com Hind III foi usado para transformar o fungo na presença de Hind III, a eficiência de transformação foi 1,1 a 8,1 vezes superior ao tratamento sem a adição da enzima. No geral, a melhor concentração de Hind III foi 5 unidades/reação de transformação. Tal concentração promoveu a produção média de 332 transformantes/µg de pAN7-1/10(7) protoplastos. A presença do gene de seleção hph no genoma de 18 indivíduos resistentes à higromicina foi confirmada por PCR.

To investigate insertional mutagenesis in Magnaporthe grisea, we tested the transformation of protoplasts produced after protocol optimization, and analyzed the integration efficiency of pAN7-1 into the M. grisea genome mediated by the restriction endonuclease Hind III. The I-22 protoplasts were readily transformed for hygromycin resistance. When pAN7-1 was linearized with Hind III and used to transform fungal protoplasts in the presence of the corresponding enzyme, the transformation efficiency was increased 1.1 to 8.1-fold. The optimal Hind III concentration for enhanced transformation corresponded to 5 unit/transformation mix. This concentration led to average frequency of 332 transformants/µg de pAN7-1/10(7) protoplasts. The presence of selection gene hph in the 18 transformant genome was confirmed by PCR.

Em condições de campo, avaliaram-se produtos alternativos no manejo da requeima do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum), causada por Phytophthora infestans, em três experimentos (E). Compararam-se, em E1, extratos de: [pimenta (Capsicum chinense) + pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum) + cravo (Syzygium aromaticum) + açafrão-da-índia (Curcuma longa) + alho (Allium sativum)]; (pimenta-do-reino + cravo + alho); e (cravo + açafrão-da-índia + alho); em E2, óleo de nim (Azadirachta indica) (0,5%); leite (20%); e calda bordalesa; e em E3, preparado homeopático obtido de tecido de tomateiro com requeima (dinamização C30); mistura água-etanol; e calda bordalesa. Em E1, os extratos e a testemunha não diferiram quanto à severidade na metade da epidemia (Y50), severidade final (Ymáx), área abaixo da curva de progresso (AACPD) e taxa de progresso da doença (r). Em E2, Y50 com óleo de nim (3%) e calda bordalesa (1%) não diferiram; Ymáx foi maior com óleo de nim (44%) que com calda bordalesa (14%); leite não reduziu Ymáx; r e AACPD foram menores com óleo de nim (0,161 e 533, respectivamente) que na testemunha (0,211 e 1186, respectivamente) e semelhantes àqueles com calda bordalesa (0,156 e 130, respectivamente); r e AACPD foram similares nos tratamentos leite e testemunha. Em E3, Y50, Ymáx, AACPD e r com a mistura água-etanol e preparado homeopático foram similares aos da testemunha. A calda bordalesa foi o tratamento mais eficiente no controle da requeima, e o óleo de nim foi promissor. No manejo da doença em sistemas alternativos de produção, é necessário integrar práticas, para se potencializarem os efeitos individualizados.

The efficacy of alternative products to manage tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, was evaluated in three field trials (E) that compared: E1- [chili pepper (Capsicum chinense) + black pepper (Piper nigrum) + clove (Syzygium aromaticum) + turmeric (Curcuma longa) + garlic (Allium sativum) extracts]; (black pepper + clove + garlic extracts); and (clove + turmeric + garlic extracts); E2 - neem (Azadirachta indica) oil (0.5%), crude cow milk diluted in water (20% v/v), and Bordeaux mixture; E3 - homeopathic preparation (from tomato tissue infected with P. infestans - C30), the water-ethanol mixture, and Bordeaux mixture. All experiments had two controls: no sprays and metalaxyl. Severity at halfway through the epidemic (Y50); at the end of the epidemic (Ymax); area under disease progress curve (AUDPC); and disease progress rate (r) were estimated. None of the extracts reduced Y50, Ymax, AUDPC, or r values. Neem oil and Bordeaux mixture resulted in similar Y50 values (3% and 1%, respectively). Ymax (44%) in plots treated with neem was higher than in those treated with Bordeaux mixture (14%). Milk at 20% did not reduce Ymax. Values of r (0.161) and AUDPC (533) were lower with neem oil than in control (r = 0.211 and AUDPC = 1186) and similar to the Bordeaux mixture plots (r = 0.156 and AUDPC = 130). Values of r and AUDPC on plots treated with milk were similar to those in the control plots. There was no significant reduction of Y50, Ymax, AUDPC, or r values when plants were treated with homeopathic product. Bordeaux mixture was the most efficient treatment in controlling late blight. Neem oil is potentially useful. Integrated management must be implemented to keep late blight at acceptable levels on alternative tomato production systems.

O mofo cinzento, causado por Botrytis cinerea, é doença importante em roseiras (Rosa hybrida) cultivadas em casas de vegetação no Brasil. Como pouco se conhece acerca da epidemiologia da doença nessas condições, avaliou-se a sobrevivência do patógeno em restos culturais e como escleródios. Restos de pétalas, folhas e hastes de roseira inoculados com B. cinerea foram colocados em sacolas de polietileno, que foram misturadas a restos culturais em canteiros de roseiras cultivadas sob estufa plástica. Observou-se alta percentagem de partes com esporulação do patógeno até 60 dias do enterrio das mesmas. A viabilidade do fungo decresceu em hastes e folhas, após 90 dias, e, em pétalas, após 120 dias. Houve esporulação em pétalas por até 360 dias, mas não em hastes ou folhas após 150 ou 240 dias, respectivamente. O patógeno sobreviveu por mais tempo em pétalas. Entretanto, hastes e folhas são importantes fontes de inóculo, por serem produzidas e depositadas em maiores quantidades nos canteiros. Quantificou-se, também, a sobrevivência de escleródios, cuja germinação foi superior a 75% e 50% nos primeiros 210 e até 360 dias, respectivamente. A massa dos escleródios reduziu, mas eles permaneceram viáveis por 360 dias. Não ocorreu produção de escleródios nas folhas e hastes enterradas, mas ocorreu nas pétalas, principalmente após 90 dias do enterrio. A germinação desses escleródios reduziu-se após 120 dias, mas estes permaneceram viáveis até 360 dias. Maior perda de massa e menor viabilidade ocorreram em escleródios produzidos nas pétalas que naqueles produzidos in vitro.

Botrytis blight caused by Botrytis cinerea is an important disease of rose (Rosa hybrida) grown in greenhouses in Brazil. As little is known regarding the disease epidemiology under greenhouse conditions, pathogen survival in crop debris and as sclerotia was evaluated. Polyethylene bags with petals, leaves, or stem sections artificially infected with B. cinerea were mixed with crop debris in rose beds, in a commercial plastic greenhouse. High percentage of plant parts with sporulation was detected until 60 days, then sporulation decreased on petals after 120 days, and sharply decreased on stems or leaves after 90 days. Sporulation on petals continued for 360 days, but was not observed on stems after 150 days or leaves after 240 days. Although the fungus survived longer on petals, stems and leaves are also important inoculum sources because high amounts of both are deposited on beds during cultivation. Survival of sclerotia produced on PDA was also quantified. Sclerotia germination was greater than 75% in the initial 210 days and 50% until 360 days. Sclerotia weight gradually declined but they remained viable for 360 days. Sclerotia were produced on the buried petals, mainly after 90 days of burial, but not on leaves or stems. Germination of these sclerotia gradually decreased after 120 days, but lasted until 360 days. Higher weight loss and lower viability were observed on sclerotia produced on petals than on sclerotia produced in vitro

A antracnose foliar causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides é importante nas regiões cebolicultoras da América Latina, África e Ásia, mas há poucos estudos relacionados à resistência ao patógeno. Assim, neste trabalho, conduzido em condições de casa de vegetação, avaliaram-se componentes de resistência de oito cultivares e dois acessos de cebola (Allium cepa) a quatro isolados do patógeno, inoculados por atomização de suspensão de inóculo ou deposição de discos de micélio em folhas. Detectaram-se diferenças significativas entre cultivares/acessos, na inoculação por atomização, quanto à freqüência de infecção inicial e à taxa de progresso monocíclico da doença (r g) e, na inoculação com disco de micélio, quanto ao período de incubação e área da lesão. Determinaram-se os coeficientes de correlação (r) dos componentes de resistência estimados na inoculação por atomização. Os valores de r foram 0,98 entre severidade estimada visualmente aos nove dias da inoculação (SEV9) e área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD); 0,80 entre SEV9 e severidade estimada por medidor de área foliar (SEV); 0,72 entre SEV9 e r g; 0,64 entre SEV9 e freqüência de infecção aos nove dias da inoculação; 0,81 entre SEV e AACPD e 0,64 entre SEV e r g. Em vista dos valores significativos de r associados a SEV9 e da não necessidade de escala para estimar esse componente, SEV9 é potencialmente útil na avaliação de germoplasma de cebola frente a C. gloeosporioides. Na inoculação por atomização, mais rápida e simples de execução, obtiveram-se maior eficiência de infecção e menor variabilidade de respostas, e deverá ser adotada em estudos futuros.

Despite the importance of onion (Allium cepa) leaf anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, few studies have focused on host resistance to the pathogen. Therefore, in this study, resistance components of two cultivars and eight accessions of onion to four isolates of C. gloeosporioides were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Inoculations were performed either by spraying inoculum suspension or by placing a mycelial disc on the leaf. The cultivars and accessions differed significantly regarding initial infection frequency and monocyclic progress rate (r g) with the spray-inoculation, and regarding incubation period and lesion area with the mycelial-disc inoculation. Correlation coefficient (r) values were estimated between the components with the mycelial disk inoculations. Values of r were 0.98 between disease severity visually assessed nine days after inoculation (SEV9) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), 0.80 between SEV9 and disease severity assessed with the leaf area meter (SEV), 0.72 between SEV9 and r g, 0.64 between SEV9 and infection frequency nine days after inoculation, 0.81 between SEV and AUDPC, and 0.64 between SEV and r g. Considering both the significant r values associated with SEV9 and that to estimate SEV9 there is no need of rating diagrams, this component is potentially useful to evaluate onion germplasm against C. gloeosporiodes. The spray inoculation procedure was faster, simpler, and provided higher infection efficiency and lower variability than the mycelial disk inoculation technique. Therefore, this should be the preferred inoculation procedure when assessing onion germplasm.

Foi avaliado o efeito do óleo essencial extraído de sementes de mostarda (Brassica rapa) na supressão do crescimento in vitro de Rhizoctonia solani, na redução da colonização saprofítica no solo, e no tombamento e requeima de plântulas, utilizando feijão-vagem (Phaseolus vulgaris) como planta indicadora. O crescimento in vitro de R. solani foi completamente inibido na concentração de 50 mil/l. A colonização saprofítica do substrato foi drasticamente reduzida para 45% na concentração de 150 mil/kg, 24 h após o tratamento. Nas concentrações de 0, 50 e 75 mil/kg de solo houve 100% de colonização do substrato. Esta taxa de recuperação diminuiu gradualmente para 6% e 60%, respectivamente, em nove dias. A irrigação de solos infestados por R. solani com água contendo o óleo essencial emulsificado para fornecer 150 mil/l de solo, dez dias antes do plantio, resultou em 95% de controle do tombamento e requeima em mudas de feijão-vagem, sem qualquer efeito aparente de fitotoxidez. O efeito do óleo essencial não foi influenciado pela textura do solo e parece ser um bom substituto para o fumigante brometo de metila em viveiros.

The essential oil extracted from mustard (Brassica rapa) seeds was evaluated for its effect on suppression of Rhizoctonia solani growth in vitro, and in field soils, for reducing saprophytic substrate colonization and seedling damping off and blight using snap beans as indicator plant, the in vitro growth was completely inhibited at a concentration of 50 mul/l. The saprophytic substrate colonization in soils 24 h after treatment was drastically reduced to 45% at 150 mul/kg soil concentration, in contrast to 100% colonization at concentrations of 0, 50, or 75 mul/kg. This recovery rate gradually declined to 6% and 60%, respectively, in nine days. A control of pre and post-emergence seedling damping off and blight in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), without any apparent phytotoxic effect was achieved by irrigating R. solani infested soils with water containing the emulsified essential oil to provide 150 mul/l soil volume ten days prior to planting, gave over 95%. The effect of the mustard essential oil was not influenced by the physical soil texture, and it appears to be a good substitute for methyl bromide fumigation in nurseries for seedling production.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o controle da ferrugem do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica) baseando-se no valor de severidade, calculado em função das variáveis meteorológicas, molhamento foliar e temperatura média durante o período de molhamento. Foram escolhidas duas lavouras de café da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho, uma com alta carga pendente de frutos (101,5 sacas beneficiadas/ha), com seis anos de idade, localizada no município de Coimbra, a 680 m de altitude, na região da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais; e a outra, com carga média de frutos (22,4 sacas beneficiadas/ha), com nove anos de idade, localizada no município de Carmo do Paranaíba, a 850 m de altitude, na região do Alto Paranaíba do Estado de Minas Gerais. Em Coimbra, quando o valor de severidade da ferrugem (VSF) foi igual a 30, foram feitas duas pulverizações com fungicida sistêmico, igualando-se as duas aplicações de fungicida sistêmico do calendário. Em Carmo do Paranaíba, o VSF igual a 49 recomendou apenas uma única pulverização; todos os outros tratamentos demandaram duas aplicações de fungicidas sistêmicos. A incidência final de folhas doentes na colheita (11,0%) para todos os tratamentos, não atingiu o nível de dano econômico ao cafeeiro. Não houve diferença na eficiência de controle dos tratamentos baseados no calendário (duas aplicações de fungicidas sistêmicos e quatro aplicações de fungicida cúprico), duas aplicações de fungicida sistêmico baseadas na incidência da doença (10%) e o sistema baseado no VSF. Portanto, o sistema baseado no VSF foi tão eficiente quanto o calendário, para o controle da ferrugem do cafeeiro, porém com economia de uma pulverização, na lavoura com carga média de frutos (Carmo do Paranaíba).

This trial evaluated coffee (Coffea arabica) leaf rust control based on rust severity values (RSV) according to climatic variables such as leaf wetness and air temperature during leaf wetness period. Two coffee growing areas were chosen, both in the state of Minas Gerais: a six-year-old coffe plantation in Coimbra in the Zona da Mata at 680 m of altitude, and a nine-year-old coffee plantation in Carmo do Paranaíba in the Alto Paranaíba at 850 m of altitude. In Coimbra, a potentially high yielding coffee plantation, the treatment based on RSV of 30 was similar to the calendar treatment (two sprays of systemic fungicides). In Carmo do Paranaíba, a potentially medium yielding coffe plantation, the treatment based on RSV of 49 recommended one application of systemic fungicide. The treatment based on the calendar preconized two applications for the systemic and four applications of the protective fungicide. In conclusion, the system based on RSV was as good as the calendar treatment for high berry yield coffee plants; for the medium berry yield coffee plants the system reduced at least one fungicide application.

A antracnose foliar causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides é a doença mais importante da cebolicultura (Allium cepae) em Guidoval e Guiricema, MG. Para controle da doença, utilizam-se intensivamente fungicidas, principalmente benomil (Ben), o que tem sido pouco efetivo. Neste trabalho, testou-se a hipótese da existência de isolados de C. gloeosporioides resistentes ao Ben e se comparou a eficiência de diferentes fungicidas no controle do patógeno. Nas concentrações testadas, Ben impediu o crescimento micelial do fungo, e a germinação de conídios decresceu com o aumento da concentração do produto. Independente do isolado do patógeno e da concentração dos fungicidas, ocorreu maior inibição da germinação com Tiofanato metílico (Tm) + Mancozeb (Man), Man, Clorotalonil (Clo), Ben+Man, TM+Clo, Captan (Cap) e Procloraz (Pro). Excetuando-se Clo, os demais tratamentos inibiram totalmente o crescimento micelial do fungo. Em casa de vegetação, pulverizaram-se os diferentes tratamentos em plantas de cebola 'Texas Early Grano 502' (TEG502) e 24 h após inoculou-se o patógeno. Maior redução na intensidade da doença ocorreu com TM+Man, TM+Clo, Ben+Man, Man, Cap, Clo, Ben e Pro. Em plantas de TEG502, pulverizaram-se diferentes fungicidas imediatamente após, dois, quatro ou seis dias após inoculação do patógeno. Na pulverização imediatamente após a inoculação, Ben e Pro foram os mais eficientes; nas demais épocas, nenhum fungicida reduziu a severidade da doença.

Foliar anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the most important onion (Allium cepae) disease in Guiricema and Guidoval-MG. Fungicides, mostly benomyl (Ben), are intensively sprayed for disease control but they have been inefficient. We tested the hypothesis of occurrence of resistant isolates of C. gloeosporioides to Ben and compared fungicides for pathogen control. Conidial germination of the isolates decreased as Ben concentration increased and the fungicide completely prevented mycelial growth. For all pathogen isolates tested, disregarding fungicide concentration, methyl thyophanate (MT) + mancozeb (Man), Man, chlorothalonil (Chl), Ben+Man, TM+Clo, captan (Cap), and prochloraz (Pro) inhibited germination. All fungicide treatments but Chl, completely halted mycelial growth. Under greenhouse conditions each treatment was sprayed on onion 'Texas Early Grano 502' (TEG502) plants and the fungus was inoculated 24 h later. The most efficient treatments in reducing disease intensity were MT+Man, MT+Chl, Ben+Man, Man, Cap, Chl, Ben, and Pro. Ben, TM, Pro or Car was sprayed immediately after, or two, four, or six days after pathogen inoculation in plants of TEG502. Ben and Pro were the most efficient when sprayed right after inoculation; no fungicide controlled the disease at the other spray times.

Foram caracterizados 212 isolados de Phytophthora infestans obtidos de 51 lavouras de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum)e batata (Solanum tuberosum), em sete municípios da Zona da Mata, MG. Todos os isolados tiveram o grupo de compatibilidade determinado; 96 isolados foram caracterizados para a isoenzima glucose 6-fosfato-isomerase (Gpi); 71 isolados foram analisados quanto à resistência ao metalaxyl; e determinou-se o espectro de virulência de 46 isolados. Todos os 212 isolados testados foram classificados como do grupo A1 de compatibilidade. A maioria dos isolados testados para Gpi (95) apresentou o fenótipo 86/100, típico da linhagem clonal US-1. Apenas um isolado apresentou o fenótipo 100/100 para Gpi. Quanto à resistência ao metalaxyl, em 1998 a freqüência de isolados sensíveis, intermediários e resistentes foi de 40%, 40% e 20%, respectivamente, e em 2000 de 3,2%; 61,3% e 35,5%, respectivamente. Quanto ao espectro de virulência, todos os 46 isolados analisados foram virulentos sobre a cultivar de tomate 'Kada'. A maioria foi virulenta em plantas de tomate com os genes Ph1 (91%) ou Ph2 (95 %). Todos os isolados foram virulentos em batata 'Bintje'. Houve pequena variação do espectro de virulência sobre clones de batata, quando esses foram inoculados com isolados coletados em diferentes anos. Há evidências que a população de P. infestans da Zona da Mata, MG é constituída de isolados da linhagem clonal US-1, de várias raças e baixa sensibilidade ao fungicida metalaxyl.

From 1998 to 2000, 212 isolates of Phytophthora infestans were collected in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) fields of the Zona da Mata region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Samples were taken from 41 commercial tomato and ten experimental potato fields. Isolates were characterized for mating type, glucose 6-phosphate-isomerase alloenzyme (Gpi), metalaxyl resistance using the leaf disc method, and pathogenicity and virulence. All isolates were of the A1-mating type. Of the 96 isolates tested for Gpi, 95 had the 86/100 phenotype, typical of the US-1 clonal lineage, and one was of the 100/100 genotype. In 1998, the frequency of isolates sensitive (S), intermediate (I), or resistant (R) to metalaxyl was 40%, 40%, and 20%, respectively. In 2000 there was a change in the frequency in each class of metalaxyl resistance: 3.2% (S); 61.3% (I); and 35.5% (R). All isolates were virulent when inoculated in tomato 'Kada' and potato 'Bintje'. The majority of the isolates were virulent on tomato containing Ph1 (91%) or Ph2 (95%) genes. Eight isolates were virulent to a potato clone containing R1 gene; and 15 were virulent on a R11 clone. Virulence on potato clones carrying genes R1 and R11 was much lower than on tomato cultivars carrying genes Ph1 and Ph2. The population of P. infestans in the Zona da Mata region seems to be comprised of isolates of the US-1 clonal lineage, with high race variability and low sensitivity to metalaxyl.

Com o objetivo de adequar um sistema de previsão para uso criterioso do controle químico da requeima da batateira (Solanum tuberosum), foram instalados ensaios em condição de campo, seguindo-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, com a cultivar Bintje. Os fungicidas dimetomorfe, cimoxanil, mancozeb e clorotalonil foram associados com diferentes esquemas de pulverização baseados no sistema de previsão modificado de Wallin (1962) e no sistema tradicional de controle da requeima. Os tratamentos consistiram de : 1) aplicação de dimetomorfe de acordo com VSD-12 + clorotalonil semanalmente; 2) aplicação de dimetomorfe de acordo com VSD-14 + clorotalonil semanalmente; 3) aplicação de dimetomorfe de acordo com VSD-16 + clorotalonil semanalmente; 4) aplicação dos fungicidas protetores mancozeb, clorotalonil e oxicloreto de cobre alternados a cada sete dias; 5) aplicação dos fungicidas mancozeb, dimetomorfe, clorotalonil e cimoxanil, alternados a cada sete dias; 6) aplicação de dimetomorfe + clorotalonil de acordo com VSD-12; e 7) testemunha (sem aplicação). O uso do sistema de previsão conforme os tratamentos 1, 2 e 3 apresentou eficiência comparável ao calendário semanal (tratamento 5) de pulverização no controle da requeima da batateira. Os tratamentos baseados no acúmulo de 12 e 14 VSD's apresentaram maior eficiência em prever a ocorrência de epidemias da requeima. Apenas o sistema de previsão 2, permitiu reduzir o número de pulverizações com fungicida sistêmico, sem que houvesse perda significativa na produção.

This experiment was carried out on a potato (Solanum tuberosum) crop to evaluate a prediction system to control late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. The trial was conducted from May to September 1998 using the cultivar Bintje. Dimethomorph, cymoxanil, mancozeb and chorothalonil were associated with different spraying schemes, based on the modified Wallin (1962) prediction system and on the traditional late blight control system. The prediction schemes tested consisted of accumulated disease severity values (DSV) of 12, 14, and 16. The traditional late blight control consisted of weekly applications of fungicides starting two weeks after plant emergence, while those defined by the prediction system were carried out based on the DSV accumulated throughout the experiment. Descriptive and diagrammatic scales were used to assess late blight severity. The efficiency of the spray schemes was compared with the area below the curve of disease progress and tuber yield. The treatments based on the prediction scheme were as efficient as the weekly calendar program in reducing disease intensity. Disease severity values of 12 and 14 allowed reduction in the number of sprays without significantly affecting the control level of the disease and tuber yield. The use of the systemic fungicide alone, based on the prediction scheme, resulted in high disease intensity; the use of protective fungicides at weekly intervals gave intermediate control similar to the weekly spray calendar. The prediction schemes based on DSV of 14 reduced dimethomorph sprays without any yield loss.